By Andrew Cottham
Independent Researcher
November 2025
Time is the first dimension (D1). The three spatial dimensions emerge from it.
A single fundamental scalar field, Φ₁, governs all physics — gravity, particles, cosmology, black holes — in 4D spacetime.
No extra dimensions. No fine-tuning. All predictions fixed by data.
| # | Title | Figshare • Zenodo |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Time as the First Dimension and as Freedom of Movement, and the Emergence of Space | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 2 | Mathematical Formalism of the D1 Field Theory | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 3 | The D1 Unified Field Theory | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 4 | The D1 Theory of Black Holes | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 5 | The D1 Theory of Baryogenesis and Cosmic Acceleration | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 6 | The D1 Cosmological Model: Unification of Baryogenesis and Cosmic Acceleration | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 7 | The D1 Field: Unified Dynamics and the Complete Cosmological History (Big Bang to Today) | Figshare • Zenodo |
All papers are open access. Start with #1 for the foundational concept: time is D1, space emerges.
Feedback welcome: Andyc316@hotmail.com
(All derived from one scalar field in 4D — no tuning)
| Prediction | Value / Effect | Observational Test |
|---|---|---|
| Black Hole Final Burst | ΔE ≈ 1.3 × 10⁻³³ eV soft photons |
Diffuse background in CMB/UHECR |
| No Planck Remnants | Evaporation ends at M = m_D1 = 1.3 × 10⁻³³ eV |
No explosive fireballs |
| Dynamical Dark Energy | w(z) ≠ -1, evolves with z |
SNIa, BAO, CMB — excludes ΛCDM at 10σ |
| Baryon Asymmetry | η = 6.1 × 10⁻¹⁰ |
Matches Planck 2018 |
| Cosmic Acceleration | Driven by Φ₁ condensate | w_0 ≈ -0.95, w_a ≈ 0.3 — fits Pantheon+ |
| Inflation | Wave-Trough Collapse of Φ₁ | n_s ≈ 0.965, r < 0.01 — Planck consistent |
| Gravitational Wave Speed | c_g = c (exact) |
Confirmed by GW170817 |
| Quantum Loop Corrections | ΔV⁽¹⁾ ∼ 10⁻²⁴⁰ eV⁴ |
Dominant only at M → m_D1 |
| Information Paradox | Resolved — unitary via D1 microstates | No loss during evaporation |
| Emergent Spacetime | 3 spatial dimensions emerge from 1 time dimension (D1) | BH interiors = de Sitter; space folds when Φ₁ > 10 |
| Time as Absolute Freedom | D1 = freedom of movement | Explains arrow of time, entropy, causality |
| UV Cutoff | Λ_D1 = 10¹⁹ GeV (physical) |
Finite, no divergences |
| Particle Masses | All SM masses from Φ₁ coupling | Emergent from one action |
| Wave-Trough Collapse | Triggers inflation & spatial unfolding | CMB flatness, homogeneity |
| Non-Evolving ΛCDM Benchmark | w = -1 excluded |
Direct, non-adjustable calculation |
| Black Hole Core | Pure D1 condensate | Regular, non-singular interior |
| Late-Time Acceleration | From Φ₁ kinetic term | No dark energy field needed |
| Baryogenesis | From Φ₁ phase transition | η fixed by CMB |
| 4D Only | No extra dimensions — 3 space + 1 time = 4 total | Time is fundamental; space is emergent |
Andrew Cottham
Email: Andyc316@hotmail.com
GitHub: github.com/Andyc316/D1-Theory
Academia.edu: Search “Andrew Cottham D1”
Physicists, students, skeptics — I welcome all feedback. What breaks first?
Last updated: November 2025
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