By Andrew Cottham
Independent Researcher
November 2025
D1 Theory is a speculative research framework in which time is treated as the primary dimension, and spatial structure emerges dynamically from an underlying scalar degree of freedom. This repository collects the papers, calculations, and code used to explore its cosmological, gravitational, and black-hole implications. The aim is to present the framework clearly, compare it with standard cosmology and gravitational theory, and identify falsifiable predictions. —
What this repository contains research papers developing the D1 framework code used for selected numerical checks and reconstructions versioned updates where assumptions or calculations have been refined links to open-access hosted papers
| # | Title | Figshare • Zenodo |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Time as the First Dimension and as Freedom of Movement, and the Emergence of Space | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 2 | Mathematical Formalism of the D1 Field Theory | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 3 | The D1 Unified Field Theory | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 4 | The D1 Theory of Black Holes – Version 2 (November 2025) – Regular condensate-core solutions and quantitative resolution of the information paradox | Figshare v2 • Zenodo v2 |
| 5 | The D1 Theory of Baryogenesis and Cosmic Acceleration | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 6 | The D1 Cosmological Model: Unification of Baryogenesis and Cosmic Acceleration -Version 2 | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 7 | The D1 Field: Unified Dynamics and the Complete Cosmological History (Big Bang to Today) | Figshare • Zenodo |
| 8 | The Universe from One Number: How Today’s Measured Dark-Energy Density Encodes 63 e-folds of Starobinsky-like Inflation and the Entire Cosmic History | • Zenodo |
All papers are open access. Start with #1 for the foundational concept: time is D1, space emerges.
Feedback welcome: Andyc316@hotmail.com
(All derived from one scalar field in 4D — no tuning)
| Prediction | Value / Effect | Observational Test |
|---|---|---|
| Black Hole Final Burst | ΔE ≈ 1.3 × 10⁻³³ eV soft photons |
Diffuse background in CMB/UHECR |
| No Planck Remnants | Evaporation ends at M = m_D1 = 1.3 × 10⁻³³ eV |
No explosive fireballs |
| Dynamical Dark Energy | w(z) ≠ -1, evolves with z |
SNIa, BAO, CMB — excludes ΛCDM at 10σ |
| Baryon Asymmetry | η = 6.1 × 10⁻¹⁰ |
Matches Planck 2018 |
| Cosmic Acceleration | Driven by Φ₁ condensate | w_0 ≈ -0.95, w_a ≈ 0.3 — fits Pantheon+ |
| Inflation | Wave-Trough Collapse of Φ₁ | n_s ≈ 0.965, r < 0.01 — Planck consistent |
| Gravitational Wave Speed | c_g = c (exact) |
Confirmed by GW170817 |
| Quantum Loop Corrections | ΔV⁽¹⁾ ∼ 10⁻²⁴⁰ eV⁴ |
Dominant only at M → m_D1 |
| Information Paradox | Resolved — unitary via D1 microstates | No loss during evaporation |
| Emergent Spacetime | 3 spatial dimensions emerge from 1 time dimension (D1) | BH interiors = de Sitter; space folds when Φ₁ > 10 |
| Time as Absolute Freedom | D1 = freedom of movement | Explains arrow of time, entropy, causality |
| UV Cutoff | Λ_D1 = 10¹⁹ GeV (physical) |
Finite, no divergences |
| Particle Masses | All SM masses from Φ₁ coupling | Emergent from one action |
| Wave-Trough Collapse | Triggers inflation & spatial unfolding | CMB flatness, homogeneity |
| Non-Evolving ΛCDM Benchmark | w = -1 excluded |
Direct, non-adjustable calculation |
| Black Hole Core | Pure D1 condensate | Regular, non-singular interior |
| Late-Time Acceleration | From Φ₁ kinetic term | No dark energy field needed |
| Baryogenesis | From Φ₁ phase transition | η fixed by CMB |
| 4D Only | No extra dimensions — 3 space + 1 time = 4 total | Time is fundamental; space is emergent |
Andrew Cottham
Email: Andyc316@hotmail.com
GitHub: github.com/Andyc316/D1-Theory
Academia.edu: Search “Andrew Cottham D1”
Physicists, students, skeptics — I welcome all feedback.
Last updated: November 2025
Site hosted on GitHub Pages — open source, permanent, free.